RuntimeError: A 'SQLAlchemy' instance has already been registered on this Flask app

I am writing a test for my Flask app that uses Flask-SQLAlchemy. In models.py, I used db = SQLAlchemy(), and wrote a function to configure it with the app. But when I run my test, I get the error "RuntimeError: A 'SQLAlchemy' instance has already been registered on this Flask app". I'm not sure where the test file is creating a new instance of SQLAlchemy.

# flaskr.py
from flask import Flask
from models import setup_db

def create_app(test_config=None):
    app = Flask(__name__)
    setup_db(app)
    return app

# models.py
from flask_sqlalchemy import SQLAlchemy

database_path = "postgresql://student:student@localhost/bookshelf"

db = SQLAlchemy()

def setup_db(app, database_path=database_path):
    app.config["SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URI"] = database_path
    db.init_app(app)

    with app.app_context():
        db.create_all()

# test_flaskr.py
import unittest

from flaskr import create_app
from models import setup_db

class BookTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
    def setUp(self):
        self.app = create_app()
        self.client = self.app.test_client()
        setup_db(self.app, "postgresql://student:student@localhost/bookshelf_test")

        with self.app.app_context():
            self.db = SQLAlchemy()
            self.db.init_app(self.app)
            self.db.create_all()

    def test_get_paginated_books(self):
        res = self.client.get("/books")
        data = res.json
        self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
        self.assertTrue(data["success"])
        self.assertTrue(data["total_books"])
        self.assertTrue(len(data["books"]))

When I run the test, I get the following error:

$ python -m unittest -v test_flaskr.py

test_get_paginated_books (test_flaskr.BookTestCase) ... ERROR

======================================================================
ERROR: test_get_paginated_books (test_flaskr.BookTestCase)
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Traceback (most recent call last):      
  File "C:\Users\swilk\OneDrive\DOCS-Programming\udacity-demo-bookshelf\backend\test_flaskr.py", line 21, in setUp      
    setup_db(self.app, self.database_path)
  File "C:\Users\swilk\OneDrive\DOCS-Programming\udacity-demo-bookshelf\backend\models.py", line 24, in setup_db        
    db.init_app(app)
  File "C:\Users\swilk\OneDrive\DOCS-Programming\udacity-demo-bookshelf\env\lib\site-packages\flask_sqlalchemy\extension.py", line 253, in init_app
    raise RuntimeError(
RuntimeError: A 'SQLAlchemy' instance has already been registered on this Flask app. Import and use that instance instead.

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Ran 1 tests in 0.226s

FAILED (errors=1)

source https://stackoverflow.com/questions/75523569/runtimeerror-a-sqlalchemy-instance-has-already-been-registered-on-this-flask